Data-Informed Thinking + Doing
Regression With Implementation Ease
Predicting car MSRP for high interpretability—using regression trees in R, Python, and Julia.
Classification and Regression Trees (CART) are decision tree algorithms used for both classification and regression tasks. In particular, regression Trees are valuable for predicting numerical outcomes, like housing prices, stock prices, or sales forecasts. They provide interpretable models, allowing us to understand the impact of predictors on the target variable, making them essential for accurate and transparent predictions in regression problems.
Like Classification Trees, the significance of Regression Trees lies in their ability to model non-linear relationships between input variables and continuous target variables. They recursively split data into homogenous segments, predicting the average response within each segment.
Let’s examine this technique by using the Edmunds car dataset.
Getting Started
If you are interested in reproducing this work, here are the versions of R, Python, and Julia used (as well as the respective packages for each). Additionally, Leland Wilkinson’s approach to data visualization (Grammar of Graphics) has been adopted for this work. Finally, my coding style here is verbose, in order to trace back where functions/methods and variables are originating from, and make this a learning experience for everyone—including me.
cat(R.version$version.string, R.version$nickname)R version 4.2.3 (2023-03-15) Shortstop Beaglerequire(devtools)
devtools::install_version("dplyr", version="1.1.2", repos="http://cran.us.r-project.org")
devtools::install_version("ggplot2", version="3.4.2", repos="http://cran.us.r-project.org")library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)import sys
print(sys.version)3.11.4 (v3.11.4:d2340ef257, Jun 6 2023, 19:15:51) [Clang 13.0.0 (clang-1300.0.29.30)]!pip install pandas==2.0.3
!pip install plotnine==0.12.1import pandas
import plotnineusing InteractiveUtils
InteractiveUtils.versioninfo()Julia Version 1.9.2
Commit e4ee485e909 (2023-07-05 09:39 UTC)
Platform Info:
OS: macOS (x86_64-apple-darwin22.4.0)
CPU: 8 × Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8259U CPU @ 2.30GHz
WORD_SIZE: 64
LIBM: libopenlibm
LLVM: libLLVM-14.0.6 (ORCJIT, skylake)
Threads: 1 on 8 virtual cores
Environment:
DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH = /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/lib:/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_241.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/serverusing Pkg
Pkg.add(name="CSV", version="0.10.11")
Pkg.add(name="DataFrames", version="1.5.0")
Pkg.add(name="CategoricalArrays", version="0.10.8")
Pkg.add(name="Colors", version="0.12.10")
Pkg.add(name="Cairo", version="1.0.5")
Pkg.add(name="Gadfly", version="1.3.4")using CSV
using DataFrames
using CategoricalArrays
using Colors
using Cairo
using GadflyImporting and Examining Dataset
cars_r <- read.csv("../../dataset/cars-edmunds.csv", stringsAsFactors=TRUE)
utils::str(object=cars_r)'data.frame': 11914 obs. of 16 variables:
$ make : Factor w/ 48 levels "Acura","Alfa Romeo",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
$ model : Factor w/ 915 levels "1 Series","1 Series M",..: 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ year : int 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 ...
$ engine_fuel_type : Factor w/ 11 levels "","diesel","electric",..: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ...
$ engine_hp : int 335 300 300 230 230 230 300 300 230 230 ...
$ engine_cylinders : int 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
$ transmission_type: Factor w/ 5 levels "AUTOMATED_MANUAL",..: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
$ wheels_driven : Factor w/ 4 levels "all wheel drive",..: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
$ doors_number : int 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
$ market_category : Factor w/ 72 levels "Crossover","Crossover,Diesel",..: 39 68 65 68 64 68 68 65 64 64 ...
$ vehicle_size : Factor w/ 3 levels "Compact","Large",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ vehicle_style : Factor w/ 16 levels "2dr Hatchback",..: 9 7 9 9 7 9 7 9 7 7 ...
$ mpg_highway : int 26 28 28 28 28 28 26 28 28 27 ...
$ mpg_city : int 19 19 20 18 18 18 17 20 18 18 ...
$ popularity : int 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 3916 ...
$ msrp : int 46135 40650 36350 29450 34500 31200 44100 39300 36900 37200 ...utils::head(x=cars_r, n=8) make model year engine_fuel_type engine_hp engine_cylinders transmission_type wheels_driven doors_number market_category vehicle_size vehicle_style mpg_highway mpg_city popularity msrp
1 BMW 1 Series M 2011 premium unleaded (required) 335 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 26 19 3916 46135
2 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 28 19 3916 40650
3 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 36350
4 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 29450
5 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 28 18 3916 34500
6 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 31200
7 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 26 17 3916 44100
8 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 39300which(is.na(cars_r)) [1] 48196 48197 48198 50562 50563 50564 50565 51860 51861 51862 51863 52362 52363 52442 52446 52455 52571 52572 52573 52574 52575 52576 53435 53482 53487 53488 53490 53496 53497 54042 54043 54044 54045 54046 54047 54048 54049 54050 54051 54235 54565 54567 54573 54575 54578 54579 54580 54581 54582 54583 54584 54585 54586 54587 54588 54589 54590 54591 54592 54593 54594 54595 56031 56032 57507 57508 57509 57510 57511 61554 61555 63287 63288 63289 63290 65349 65350 65351 67944 68266 68267 68268 68269 68270 68271 68272 68273 68274 68275 68276 68277 68278 68279 68280 68281 68282 68283 68284 68285 99979 102243 102244 102245 102246 102247cars_py = pandas.read_csv("../../dataset/cars-edmunds.csv")
cars_py.info()<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 11914 entries, 0 to 11913
Data columns (total 16 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 make 11914 non-null object
1 model 11914 non-null object
2 year 11914 non-null int64
3 engine_fuel_type 11911 non-null object
4 engine_hp 11845 non-null float64
5 engine_cylinders 11884 non-null float64
6 transmission_type 11914 non-null object
7 wheels_driven 11914 non-null object
8 doors_number 11908 non-null float64
9 market_category 8172 non-null object
10 vehicle_size 11914 non-null object
11 vehicle_style 11914 non-null object
12 mpg_highway 11914 non-null int64
13 mpg_city 11914 non-null int64
14 popularity 11914 non-null int64
15 msrp 11914 non-null int64
dtypes: float64(3), int64(5), object(8)
memory usage: 1.5+ MBcars_py.head(n=8) make model year engine_fuel_type engine_hp engine_cylinders transmission_type wheels_driven doors_number market_category vehicle_size vehicle_style mpg_highway mpg_city popularity msrp
0 BMW 1 Series M 2011 premium unleaded (required) 335.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 26 19 3916 46135
1 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 28 19 3916 40650
2 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 36350
3 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 29450
4 BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury Compact Convertible 28 18 3916 34500
5 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 230.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 31200
6 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 26 17 3916 44100
7 BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2.0 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 39300cars_py.tail(n=8) make model year engine_fuel_type engine_hp engine_cylinders transmission_type wheels_driven doors_number market_category vehicle_size vehicle_style mpg_highway mpg_city popularity msrp
11906 Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 46020
11907 Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 56570
11908 Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50520
11909 Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 46120
11910 Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 56670
11911 Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50620
11912 Acura ZDX 2013 premium unleaded (recommended) 300.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4.0 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50920
11913 Lincoln Zephyr 2006 regular unleaded 221.0 6.0 AUTOMATIC front wheel drive 4.0 Luxury Midsize Sedan 26 17 61 28995cars_jl = CSV.File("../../dataset/cars-edmunds.csv") |> DataFrames.DataFrame11914×16 DataFrame
Row │ make model year engine_fuel_type engine_hp engine_cylinders transmission_type wheels_driven doors_number market_category vehicle_size vehicle_style mpg_highway mpg_city popularity msrp
│ String15 String Int64 String? Int64? Int64? String31 String31 Int64? String String7 String31 Int64 Int64 Int64 Int64
───────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 │ BMW 1 Series M 2011 premium unleaded (required) 335 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Coupe 26 19 3916 46135
2 │ BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 28 19 3916 40650
3 │ BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 36350
4 │ BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 29450
5 │ BMW 1 Series 2011 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 28 18 3916 34500
6 │ BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 18 3916 31200
7 │ BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 26 17 3916 44100
8 │ BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 39300
9 │ BMW 1 Series 2012 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 28 18 3916 36900
10 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 27 18 3916 37200
11 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 39600
12 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 19 3916 31500
13 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 28 19 3916 44400
14 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 28 19 3916 37200
15 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 230 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 28 19 3916 31500
16 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 320 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 25 18 3916 48250
17 │ BMW 1 Series 2013 premium unleaded (required) 320 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Coupe 28 20 3916 43550
18 │ Audi 100 1992 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
19 │ Audi 100 1992 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
20 │ Audi 100 1992 regular unleaded 172 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Wagon 20 16 3105 2000
21 │ Audi 100 1992 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
22 │ Audi 100 1992 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 21 16 3105 2000
23 │ Audi 100 1993 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
24 │ Audi 100 1993 regular unleaded 172 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Wagon 20 16 3105 2000
25 │ Audi 100 1993 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
26 │ Audi 100 1993 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 24 17 3105 2000
27 │ Audi 100 1993 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 21 16 3105 2000
28 │ Audi 100 1994 regular unleaded 172 6 AUTOMATIC front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Wagon 21 16 3105 2000
29 │ Audi 100 1994 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 22 16 3105 2000
30 │ Audi 100 1994 regular unleaded 172 6 MANUAL front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 22 17 3105 2000
31 │ Audi 100 1994 regular unleaded 172 6 AUTOMATIC front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 22 16 3105 2000
32 │ Audi 100 1994 regular unleaded 172 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Wagon 21 16 3105 2000
33 │ FIAT 124 Spider 2017 premium unleaded (recommended) 160 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Performance Compact Convertible 35 26 819 27495
34 │ FIAT 124 Spider 2017 premium unleaded (recommended) 160 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Performance Compact Convertible 35 26 819 24995
35 │ FIAT 124 Spider 2017 premium unleaded (recommended) 160 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Performance Compact Convertible 35 26 819 28195
36 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1991 regular unleaded 130 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 26 18 617 2000
37 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1991 regular unleaded 158 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 25 17 617 2000
38 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1992 regular unleaded 158 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 25 17 617 2000
39 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1992 regular unleaded 130 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 26 18 617 2000
40 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1993 regular unleaded 130 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 26 18 617 2000
41 │ Mercedes-Benz 190-Class 1993 regular unleaded 158 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 4 Luxury Compact Sedan 25 17 617 2000
42 │ BMW 2 Series 2016 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 35 23 3916 32850
43 │ BMW 2 Series 2016 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 34 23 3916 38650
44 │ BMW 2 Series 2016 premium unleaded (required) 320 6 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Convertible 31 20 3916 48750
45 │ BMW 2 Series 2016 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Coupe 35 23 3916 34850
46 │ BMW 2 Series 2016 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 2 Luxury Compact Convertible 34 22 3916 40650
⋮ │ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
11870 │ GMC Yukon 2016 premium unleaded (recommended) 420 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 15 549 65325
11871 │ GMC Yukon 2016 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 16 549 51315
11872 │ GMC Yukon 2016 premium unleaded (recommended) 420 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Performance Large 4dr SUV 21 15 549 68325
11873 │ GMC Yukon 2016 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 23 16 549 57000
11874 │ GMC Yukon 2016 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 23 16 549 48315
11875 │ GMC Yukon 2016 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 16 549 60000
11876 │ GMC Yukon 2017 premium unleaded (recommended) 420 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Performance Large 4dr SUV 20 15 549 68965
11877 │ GMC Yukon 2017 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 23 16 549 57315
11878 │ GMC Yukon 2017 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 16 549 51530
11879 │ GMC Yukon 2017 premium unleaded (recommended) 420 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 15 549 65965
11880 │ GMC Yukon 2017 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC four wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 22 16 549 60315
11881 │ GMC Yukon 2017 flex-fuel (unleaded/E85) 355 8 AUTOMATIC rear wheel drive 4 Flex Fuel,Performance Large 4dr SUV 23 16 549 48530
11882 │ BMW Z3 2000 regular unleaded 193 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 4976
11883 │ BMW Z3 2000 regular unleaded 193 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Hatchback,Luxury,Performance Compact 2dr Hatchback 24 17 3916 4697
11884 │ BMW Z3 2000 regular unleaded 170 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 25 17 3916 4755
11885 │ BMW Z3 2001 premium unleaded (required) 225 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 26 19 3916 37900
11886 │ BMW Z3 2001 premium unleaded (required) 184 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 25 18 3916 31300
11887 │ BMW Z3 2001 premium unleaded (required) 225 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Hatchback,Luxury,Performance Compact 2dr Hatchback 26 19 3916 37700
11888 │ BMW Z3 2002 premium unleaded (required) 225 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 26 19 3916 37900
11889 │ BMW Z3 2002 premium unleaded (required) 184 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 25 18 3916 31300
11890 │ BMW Z3 2002 premium unleaded (required) 225 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Hatchback,Luxury,Performance Compact 2dr Hatchback 26 19 3916 37700
11891 │ BMW Z4 M 2007 premium unleaded (required) 330 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Coupe 22 15 3916 50100
11892 │ BMW Z4 M 2007 premium unleaded (required) 330 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Convertible 22 15 3916 52100
11893 │ BMW Z4 M 2008 premium unleaded (required) 330 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Coupe 23 15 3916 50400
11894 │ BMW Z4 M 2008 premium unleaded (required) 330 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Factory Tuner,Luxury,High-Perfor… Compact Convertible 23 15 3916 52400
11895 │ BMW Z4 2014 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 34 22 3916 48950
11896 │ BMW Z4 2014 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 26 19 3916 56950
11897 │ BMW Z4 2014 premium unleaded (required) 335 6 AUTOMATED_MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 65800
11898 │ BMW Z4 2015 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 34 22 3916 48950
11899 │ BMW Z4 2015 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATED_MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 56950
11900 │ BMW Z4 2015 premium unleaded (required) 335 6 AUTOMATED_MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 65800
11901 │ BMW Z4 2016 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATED_MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 57500
11902 │ BMW Z4 2016 premium unleaded (required) 240 4 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,Performance Compact Convertible 34 22 3916 49700
11903 │ BMW Z4 2016 premium unleaded (required) 335 6 AUTOMATED_MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 24 17 3916 66350
11904 │ BMW Z8 2001 premium unleaded (required) 394 8 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Exotic,Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 19 12 3916 128000
11905 │ BMW Z8 2002 premium unleaded (required) 394 8 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Exotic,Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 19 12 3916 130000
11906 │ BMW Z8 2003 premium unleaded (required) 394 8 MANUAL rear wheel drive 2 Exotic,Luxury,High-Performance Compact Convertible 19 12 3916 131500
11907 │ Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 46020
11908 │ Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 56570
11909 │ Acura ZDX 2011 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50520
11910 │ Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 46120
11911 │ Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 56670
11912 │ Acura ZDX 2012 premium unleaded (required) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50620
11913 │ Acura ZDX 2013 premium unleaded (recommended) 300 6 AUTOMATIC all wheel drive 4 Crossover,Hatchback,Luxury Midsize 4dr Hatchback 23 16 204 50920
11914 │ Lincoln Zephyr 2006 regular unleaded 221 6 AUTOMATIC front wheel drive 4 Luxury Midsize Sedan 26 17 61 28995
11823 rows omittedReferences
- James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2021). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1418-1
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Applied Advanced Analytics & AI in Sports